Pakistan and a World in Disorder: Book Review

Introduction:

“Pakistan and a world in Disorder”, by Javid Hussain is a critical analysis of Pakistan’s Foreign policy in the context of global instability. The book explores the challenges and opportunities faced by Pakistan in an increasingly complex international environment shaped by shifting power dynamics, regional conflicts, and economic constraints. Hussain, a seasoned diplomat, provides insights into how Pakistan can navigate these turbulent times through strategic diplomacy, economic resilience, and a balanced foreign policy. His work presents both historical reflection and a guide for policy makers, seeking to position Pakistan effectively in the evolving global order.

Central Idea of the Book:

The main theme of the book is the need for Pakistan to adopt a grand strategy that should prioritize economic development, pragmatic diplomacy, and regional cooperation. The book further emphasizes a transition from a security-centric approach to a geo-economic one by the global power’s shifts. It advocates for balanced ties with major powers and strategic autonomy to navigate the challenges of a multipolar world.

Chapter-wise Summary:

Chapter 1: Historical Challenges and Failure:

The author has criticized Pakistan’s inconsistent foreign policy approach over the period, arguing that they have been ‘out of sync’ with evolving global and regional dynamics. Specific events like the separation of East Pakistan and Post- 9/11 challenges are presented as turning points that necessitated a fundamental review of the country’s foreign policy. Emphasis is placed on the need for long-term planning rather than short-term reactions.

Chapter 2: International System and World Order:

This Chapter examines the post-cold war global order, with a particular focus on the shift from the notion of unipolarity, with the rise of China and Russia as influential players. The theories of the Clash of Civilizations and the end of history are critically analyzed, highlighting the role of ‘realpolitik’ in shaping international relations. The author critiques the United Nations and international law, citing examples like the US invasion of Iraq to demonstrate the failure of global institutions to ensure fairness and justice. For Pakistan, the anarchic nature of the international system presents both challenges and opportunities. A coherent foreign policy must account for these realities.

Chapter 3: Rise of China and Regional Connectivity:

The rise of China as an economic and strategic power is discussed in detail. CPEC is portrayed as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s economic development and regional connectivity. The author underscores the need for Pakistan to strengthen economic, military, and strategic ties with China to counterbalance India’s regional Dominance. While the merits of closer ties with China are acknowledged on one hand, the author is also cognizant of demerits of over-reliance and advocates for a balanced approach that also considers Pakistan’s domestic Challenges.

Chapter 4: India’s Hegemonic Aspirations:

The author highlights India’s economic growth, military modernization, and strategic partnerships with the west, as a threat to Pakistan and regional security. A realist approach to foreign policy is suggested, where Pakistan should pay attention to its economic stability and strategic alliances, particularly with China and other neighbouring states, to counter India’s dominance. The Kashmir issue is also discussed, and the author advocates for a pragmatic approach until Pakistan achieves economic stability.

Chapter 5: SAARC and ECO:

The author has criticized SAARC for being largely ineffective due to India’s dominance and regional rivalries. In contrast, the ECO is highlighted as a more viable platform for Pakistan, given her shared cultural and historical ties with its member states. Strengthening economic and political ties within the ECO framework is suggested to achieve greater regional cooperation and development.

Chapter 6: Afghanistan Post US- Withdrawal:

The author has stressed the importance of peace and stability in Afghanistan for Pakistan’s security and regional integration. Recommendations include active engagement with Afghan Stakeholders, better coordination with regional players, and supporting initiatives for economic and security development in Afghanistan. The challenges posed by terrorism and cross-border militancy, has also been discussed, which continue to affect Pak- Afghanistan Relations.

Chapter 7: Iran- Pakistan Relations:

The author advocates for strengthening economic and political ties with Iran under the ECO framework. Challenges such as sectarian tensions and competing regional interests are also discussed. Javed Hussain has urged policymakers to adopt a more practical approach to improve bilateral relations.

Chapter 8: Islamophobia and Pakistan’s Global Image:

The author has talked about the negative portrayal of Islam as a violent religion and stressed the need for

Pakistan to project a more positive image of Islam and its own identity on the global stage. Efforts to counter Islamophobia must include diplomatic engagement, cultural diplomacy, and highlighting periods of peace and progress in Islamic history.

Chapter 9: Historical Mistakes in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:

Lessons from the past, such as the drastic consequences of Pakistan’s total dependence on external powers and neglecting economic development, are also highlighted in this book. The author has emphasized the importance of preserving Pakistan’s ideological character and balancing it with pragmatic policy choices.

Chapter 10: The Case for a Grand Strategy:

The penultimate chapter presents a comprehensive framework for a grand strategy that aligns Pakistan’s foreign policy with contemporary regional and global dynamics. Economic growth, regional cooperation, and a policy shift from a security-oriented to a geo-economic economics are prescribed as the key components of this strategy. The author calls for a unified approach involving all stakeholders, including the military, civilian leadership, and the private sector, to implement this vision effectively.

Chapter 11: The Path Forward:

A balanced foreign policy primarily centred on economic development, regional integration, and cooperative relationships with major powers is proposed as the way forward for Pakistan to thrive on the world stage.

“The Book offers a thorough analysis of global and regional dynamics, providing a realist perspective on how Pakistan can navigate its way through a rapidly changing international system.”

Conclusion:

Javid Hussain concludes that Pakistan’s foreign policy must evolve to meet the demands of rapidly changing world. The importance of a proactive, independent, and pragmatic approach, advocating for economic self-reliance, regional stability, and balanced international relations has been eruditely highlighted by the author. The book may serve as a wake-up call for policymakers, urging them to adopt long-term strategies rather than reactive measures. Ultimately, “ Pakistan and a world in Disorder” is a compelling read for anyone interested in understanding Pakistan’s place in Global Politics and the path it must take to secure a stable and prosperous future.